Semantic Change Analysis on Film “ the King ’ s Speech ”

Semantic changes is sometimes referred to as metaphorical extension (Finegan 2004:56), and the meaning of a word can indeed change through its use in a metaphor and it is often mentioned as one of the major factors in semantic changes (Campbell 2006:256). In a metaphor the meaning of a word is extended to create a semantic link between a new sense and the original. For instance, the word used for the computer device mouse was derived from its resemblance to the rodent, thereby creating an extension by metaphor. This is a good example how advances in technology connect with an established meaning of a word, and it also proves that the semantic change could not have been predicted.


I. Introduction
Semantic changes is sometimes referred to as metaphorical extension (Finegan 2004:56), and the meaning of a word can indeed change through its use in a metaphor and it is often mentioned as one of the major factors in semantic changes (Campbell 2006:256).In a metaphor the meaning of a word is extended to create a semantic link between a new sense and the original.For instance, the word used for the computer device mouse was derived from its resemblance to the rodent, thereby creating an extension by metaphor.This is a good example how advances in technology connect with an established meaning of a word, and it also proves that the semantic change could not have been predicted.
In this research, the researcher will analyze the semantic changes on film the King's Speech because the characters of The King's Speech often give the words and sentences which contain new meaning because the development of vocabulary and change of the semantic structure of a word so that it will be possibility to happen semantic change.
According to Fromkin and Rodman (1983:297), semantic changes is a change in one of the meanings of a word that may expand or replace the original meaning of words in the process by either elevating the value of the word or lowering it.The meaning of words can also be s they are borrowed from one language into another as it happened in the term formulation (Palmer 1981:2-5).
Related to semantic changes, there have been many researchers analyzing it in use.They are the first; the research from Septika S. Tobing (2010) entitled Semantic Change and Meaning Shift Analysis on Film Making Terms.It aims to describe the types of semantic change.Besides, it aims to identify concept as semantic change and explain the purposes of semantic change in the film.She explained that there are generally two types of semantic change, namely: Denotation (Generalization and Specialization), and Connotation (Pejoration and Amelioration).Therefore, in her research, the analysis is about semantic change and types of semantic change.Semantic Change is the meaning of a word can indeed change through its use in a metaphor and it is often mentioned as one of the major factors in semantic change.Based on the types of semantic change, they are divided into four types namely generalization, specialization, pejoration and amelioration.This research aims to analyze semantic change by characters on film The King's Speech written by David Seidler in order to find the types of semantic change by using qualitative research and the data were collected through the film script especially from the characters in film.Based on findings of the study, the researcher found two semantic change such as the semantic change of generalization reaches the highest number with 10 data (62.5%).It implies that the characters in film gave the words which were containing the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts.The range of its meaning increases so that the word can be used in various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one.The semantic change of specialization with 6 data (37.5%).It implies that the characters in film gave the words which were containing the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class.The range of its meaning is decreased and word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

A. Research Design
In general, research can be classified into two models, qualitative and quantitative study.In doing this research related to semantic change, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research.
Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry focusing on the interpretation of experience and the world by people, (Holloway, 2012: 2).Supporting this statement, states that qualitative research produces narrative or textual description of the phenomena under study (Vanderstoep and Johnston, 2009: 7).Moreover, qualitative research is descriptive so that the researcher was interested in the process, meaning and understanding which were gained through the words or utterances.
In the research, qualitative research was use so that the researched was be able to analyze the phenomenon of semantic changes detail.The researcher watched accurately in film "The King's Speech" and analyzed the script to find out semantic changes in this film.

B. Sources of the Data
The form of data in this research is utterances.Those were the utterances produced by the characters in film The King Speech that are containing semantic changes.In this case, the context of data is the conversation in which the characters in film The King Speech become the participants and the data is taken from film The King Speech script.

C. Collecting Data Procedure
Denscombe (2007: 274) states that qualitative data need to be prepared and organized before they can be analyzed.The procedures of collecting data areas follow: • The researcher downloaded The Kings Speech film.
• The researcher watched The Kings Speech film.
• The researcher looked for the script of The Kings Speech film.

• The researcher watched the film again and read the transcript of the conversation to check
whether what is spoken is the same as what is written.• The researcher collected the data from the script which reflects the phenomena of semantic change

D. Procedure of Data Analysis
Based on Sugiyono (2014: 244), data analysis is critical to the qualitative research process.It is to recognize, study, and understand of interrelationship and concept in your data that hypothesis and declaration can be developed and evaluated.Data analysis is the most complex work in a study, indeed in qualitative research.In the data analysis, content analysis is applied to find out the semantic change used by the characters in film The Kings Speech.This technique of analysis is to analyze the object of the study through the theories of semantic change.
As Downe-Wamboldt says (in Wahyuni S., 2012: 122), content there are some stages on how to analyze the data, Miles and Huberman (1994) reveal three current flows of data analysis, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Data reduction is the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming data that exists in the real transcriptions.Data display is organized information including the final conclusion.Conclusion drawing is meant to state a temporal result of the study.

a. Data Reduction
The first point of data analysis is reduction, which related by Sugiyono (2009:338) that reducing the data is summarize, to select the main point, to focus the important thing and then search the theme and design.It means to omit the unimportant thing and to make classification of data.
In this step, the researcher choose some relevant utterances in the conversation of film The Kings Speech and only focused on the utterances which change the semantic of conversation.
Therefore, the researcher reduced the data or utterances which do not change the semantic of conversation since the data didn't give the contribution and result to the semantic change analysis.

b. Data Display
The researcher classified these utterances based on the types of semantic that being change.In data display, some devices such as table and particular codes (alphabetical letters) are used.
The data classified based on the type of semantic change as follows:

c. Conclusion Drawing
Finally, the researcher we draw a conclusion in semantic change in film on The King Speech and the dominant semantic change.

A. Synopsis on Film the King's Speech
The Kings Speech is a beautifully woven, compassionately acted film about a man's journey into depths of himself.The rise to power of England's King George VI is a classic hero's journey tale.The screenplay, written by David Seidler (2010).The King's Speech tells the story of a man compelled to speak to the world with a stammer.It must be painful enough for one who stammers to speak to another person.To face a radio microphone and know the British Empire is listening must be terrifying.At the time of the speech mentioned in this title, a quarter of the Earth's population was in the Empire, and of course must of North America, Europe, Africa and Asia would be listening and with particular, Germany.
The king was George VI.The year was 1939.Britain as interring into war with Germany.His listeners required firmness, clarity and resolve, not stammers punctuated with tortured silences.This as a man who never wanted to be king.After the death of his father, the throne was to pass to his brother Edward.But Edward renounced the throne "In order to marry to women I love" and the duty fell to Prince Albert who had struggled with his speech from an early age.
At the 1925 speech, we see Bertie's wife, Elizabeth (Helena Bonham), her face filled with sympathy.As it becomes clear that Edward's obsession with Wallis Simpson (Eve Best) is incurable, her Bertie may face more public humiliation.He sees various speech therapists, one of whom tries the old marbles in the mouth routine first recommended by Demosthenes.Nothing works, and then she seeks out a failed Australian actor named Lionel Logue (Geoffrey Rush), who has set up a speech therapy practice.
Logue doesn't realize at first who is consulting him.And one of the subject of the film is Logue's attitude toward royalty, which I suspect n is not untypical of Australians, he suggest to Albert that they get on a first-name basis.Albert has been raised within the bell jar of the monarchy and objects to such treatment, not because he has an elevated opinion of himself but because well it just isn't done.But Logue realizes that if he is to become the king's therapist, he must first become his friend.Hooper's handling of the fraught scene is masterful.Firth internalizes his tensions and keeps the required stiff upper lip, but his staff and household are terrified on his behalf as he marches toward a microphone as if it is a guillotine.It is the one scene in the film that must work, and it does, and its emotional impact is surprisingly strong.At the end, what we have here is a superior historical drama and a powerful personal one.And two opposite who remain friends for the rest of their lives.

B. Percentages of Semantic Changes
The occurrence of semantic changes by characters on film The King' s Speech written by David Seidler can be seen in Table 4.1 Below: Based on the table above, it can be seen that the semantic changes of Generalization has the highest occurrence by characters in film the king's speech written by David Seidler.There are 10 (62.5%) words.It occurs when the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts.The range of its meaning increases so that the word can be used in various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one.
The second occurrence is semantic changes of specialization.For occurrence of semantic change of Specialization, there are 6 (37.5%) words.It occurs when the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class.The range of its meaning is decreased and word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

C. Types of Semantic Change on Film the King's Speech a. Semantic Change of Generalization
It occurs when the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts.The range of its meaning increases so that the word can be used in various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one.
The context of the dialogue is in which a doctor whose name Lionel and a patient's wife whose name Elizabeth in a living room.They talking about when the doctor will cure her husband whose name Bertie and the doctor promise that he will cure her husband and ask them to come in his house by saying "Pop by".The dialogue between Lionel and Elizabeth shows type of semantic change of Lionel : Well.We need to have your hubby pop by.Uh, Tuesday would be good.He can give me his personal details, I'll make a frank appraisal and then we'll take it from there.
generalization.Literally, based on the oxford dictionary (2008) meaning of the word "pop by" means break suddenly and violently apart but the word "pop by" in this film means ask someone to come immediately so that it occurs meaning change from the original meaning which is called semantic change and it shows the type of semantic change of generalization because it is broadening to include new concepts.
The context of the dialogue is in which a doctor whose name Lionel and a patient's wife whose name Elizabeth in a living room talking about when the doctor will cure her husband whose name Bertie and the doctor promise that he will cure her husband and ask them to come in his house by saying "a hubby" and "pop".Literally, based on the oxford dictionary (2008) meaning of the word "a hubby" means husband but the word "a hubby" and the word "pop" means go somewhere, typically for a short time in this film means calling towards someone special so that it occurs meaning change from the original meaning which is called semantic change and it shows the type of semantic change of generalization because it is broadening to include new concepts.

b. Semantic Change of Specialization
It occurs when the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class.The range of its meaning is decreased and word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

Lionel
: At last there was free beer.
Bertie : My father last words were "Bertie has more guts than the rest of his brother put together".
The context of the dialogue is in which a Doctor with Bertie in a workroom's doctor.Bertie tells to Doctor that he feels sad on his father death.The dialogue between Lionel and Bertie shows type of semantic change of specialization.Literally, based on the oxford dictionary (2008) the word "put together" means to make something by joining all its parts but the word "put together" in film means compare one person to others so that it occurs meaning change from the original meaning which is called semantic change and it shows the type of semantic change of specialization because it is the range of it's meaning is decreased and the word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

Lionel
: Any other correction?
The context of the dialogue is in which a doctor with Bertie in a workroom's Doctor.Bertie tells to the Doctor when he was in childhood in which he wrote by using his left hand and he ever experienced the bent of knee.The dialogue between Lionel and Bertie shows type of semantic change of specialization.Literally, based on the oxford dictionary (2008) the word "correction" means the action or process of correcting written in red ink but the word "correction" in film means tell more of the complaining so that it occurs meaning change from the original meaning which is called semantic change and it shows the type of semantic change of specialization because it is the range of it's meaning is decreased and the word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

A. Conclusion
Based on findings in chapter four, there are the conclusions which can be described as follows: Based on the finding in chapter 4, it can be seen that the characters in film The King's Speech often give the words which were containing semantic changes.They are two semantic changes of generalization and specialization.
Elizabeth: Doctor, forgive me.Uh, I don't have a "hubby" we don't "pop".And nor do we ever talk about our private lives.No, you must come to us.
Lionel : I'm sorry, Mrs. Johnson.My game, my turf, my rules.
1.The semantic changes of Generalization reached the highest number with 10 data (62.5%).It implies that the characters in film gave the words which were containing the meaning of a word is broadening to include new concepts.The range of its meaning increases so that the word can be used in various contexts with a broader meaning than its neutral one.
2. The semantic changes of Specialization with 6 data (37.5%).It implies that the characters in film gave the words which were containing the meaning of word is narrowed into the same class.The range of its meaning is decreased and word can be used only in fewer contexts than before.

B. Suggestion
Based on the explanation, to close this research the researcher proposed some suggestions as follow: 1.It is essential to study semantic changes because people will know how the words which are talked contain the different meaning but have the same meaning so that produce the new meaning.
2. In study process, understanding and analyzing semantic changes can be done through watching film.It will make the students understand clearly about semantic change when they analyze it than they only get the materials theoretically from their lecturers.
3. By learning and understanding of semantic changes, people will be more understand in their communication process in daily life because they have the knowledge and understand the new meaning of people's words.

Table 3 .
1. Sample table of utterances that semantic change in film The Kings Speech

Table 4 .
1. Semantic Changes by Character on Film The King's Speech.