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1	Review Of Related Literature

1.1	Definition of Vocabulary 
Vocabulary is one of the components of language. Vocabulary is the collection of words that individual knows, Hatch and Brown (1995: 1) define vocabulary as a list or set of words for a particular list or set of word that individual speakers of language might use. Besides that Ur (1998: 60) adds that Vocabulary can be defined as the words that the teachers teach in the foreign Language. Vocabulary is not only sign or symbol for ideas but also a part of how to improve language skills in the target language. The more vocabulary students learn the more ideas they should have, so they can communicate by using their ideas more effectively.
Vocabulary is the key to student understanding what is listened and read in school; and to communicate successfully with other people. Vocabulary is a very important means to express our thoughts and feeling, either in spoken or written form. Indeed, neither literature nor language exists without vocabulary rightly says that words are the bricks with which the poetry and the literature of the world have been built. It is mainly through using words that we compose and express our thoughts to others. Oxford learners pocket dictionary by Martin (1980:461) defines vocabulary as (1). Total number of words in a language; (2) Words known in a language; (3).List of words with their meanings. Thus, In the Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary (1994.p.354), it is state that vocabulary is: 
1. All the words that a person knows or uses; 
2. All the words in a language; 
3. List of words with their meaning.
Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that the more vocabulary the learners have, the easier for them to develop their four skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) and learn English as the foreign language generally.
1.1.1	Teaching Vocabulary
Teaching vocabulary plays an important role in language acquisition because the mastery of vocabulary will help students to master all the language skills; speaking; listening; writing; and reading. The vocabulary will make the students practice life and will strengthen belief that English can be used to express the same ideas or feeling they express in their native language (Finochiaro, 1974:38)
Furthermore, in teaching vocabulary the teacher can introduce the list of vocabulary that is taken from the book. The teacher uses and adds other vocabulary which is relevant to the students. Teacher needs a good knowledge on their teaching materials. When they have to teach the students about vocabulary, teachers should know the general knowledge of vocabulary, words and also the meaning. The words or vocabulary can be spoken and written.
Wallace (1982:207) explains that teaching vocabulary should consider these following factors:
1)	Aims 
The aim of teaching vocabulary is to make the teacher easy to formulate the materials, which will be taught to the students.
2)	Quantity 
The teacher has to decide the numberof vocabulary items to be learned. The learners will get confuse or discouraged if they get many new words. Therefore, the teacher should select new words, which can easy to understand by the learners.
3)	Need 
In teaching vocabulary, the teacher has to choose the words really needed by the students in communication.
4)	Frequent exposure and repetition 
Frequent exposure and repetition here means that the teacher should give much practice on repetition so that the students master the target words well. They also give opportunity to the students to use words in writing or speaking.
5)	Meaningful presentation 
In teaching vocabulary the teacher should present target words in such a way that the meaning of the target words are perfectly clear and unambiguous
6)	Situation and presentation 
The teachers tell the students that they have to use the words appropriately. The use of words depends on the situation in which they are used and depends on the person to whom they are speaking.
From the explain above the writer conclude that the teachers must know the teaching of vocabulary. In addition, understanding the above factors is very important for the teacher before teaching vocabulary to young learners.
In addition, Cross (1998:5-10) stated the steps to following in presenting vocabulary to the learner:
1.	Sound and the meaning; the teacher says the word two and three times and pronounce them clearly. Indicate the meaning at the same time verbally.
2.	Repetition; the students repeat the new word a few times. The teachers checks the pronunciation carefully, If a visual is used, keep it in front of them to ensure that they associate sound and meaning.
3.	Written form; the teacher writes the new word on the board and has the class read it aloud without distorting the pronunciation. First, choose two or the three individuals to says it, and then get chorus repletion so that everyone in the class has the opportunity to associate the written form with the pronunciation.
4.	Illustrative sentences; the teacher puts a short illustrative sentences on the board so that the meaning will be clear to everyone reading the notes afterwards. The students will enjoy trying to compose good illustrative sentences themselves.
Therefore, vocabulary can be taught with many media, some of them are using picture, song, real object, color, shapes and many visual aids include smart card. The teacher should more attractive to choose, adapt, and use the vocabulary media. It was be expected the students can interest with English vocabulary learning.
2.2	Definition of Media
Media will help to establish the conditions for the learners to identify or describe someone or something. There are some experts who give their opinions dealing with media: 
1)	Media are any person, material, or event that establishes conditions which enable the learner to acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes (Gerlach, Ely. 1980: 241). 
2)	Media are used to motivate students in learning (Hamalik, Oemar. 1989:18). 
3)	Media are the tools or the physical things used by a teacher to facilitatethe instruction (Brown; J.W, Richard B.L, Fred F.H, 1969:2-3). 
From the explanation above, the writer concludes that media are meansfor transmitting or delivering messages to motivate students in learning.
2.2.1 Kinds of Media in Teaching Vocabulary
1)	Picture is the most common medium used by people. Therefore, this medium is easy to understand and enjoyable, easily obtained and are found everywhere, and many give an explanation when compared to the verbal. Presentation of learning materials by using pictures, of course is the main attraction for learners.
2)	Smart card is one of the greatest achievements in the world of information technology. Similar in size to today's plastic. Smart cards help businesses evolve and expand their products and services in a changing global marketplace. The scope of uses for a smart card has expanded each year to include applications in a variety of markets and disciplines.
3)	Flashcard is a simple picture on a piece of card or paper, which is probably the most widely used visual aids in language teaching.(Cross: 1991:119)
4)	Puppet is a doll with a hollow head a person or animal and cloth body, intended to fit over the hand be manipulated with the fingers (Reyhmer, 1997: 339)
5)	Story telling is a useful short activity for the end of a lesson, perhaps, or mid-lesson to provide a change of mood (Scrivener 1994: 173).
1.3	Definition of Smart Card
Smart card is one of the greatest achievements in the world of information technology. Similar in size to today's plastic Smart cards help businesses evolve and expand their products and services in a changing global marketplace. The scope of uses for a smart card has expanded each year to include applications in a variety of markets and disciplines. In recent years, the information age has introduced an array of information age has introduced an array of security and privacy issues that have called and privacy issues that have called for advanced smart card security applications (http://www. cardtechnology.com)
2.3.1	Smart Card as Media in Teaching Young Learners
To get an effective effort in learning language, the teacher should be able to use a good media especially to attract the interest of the students. The use of media is needed to reach the purpose of teaching and learning and it should be various as stated by Brown et al (1964: 1), using a variety media will increase the probability that the students will learn more, retain better what they learn andimprove their performance of the skill they learn and improve their performance of the skill they are expected to develop.
Smart card as a medium of teaching language is regarded as central elements of the approach because it can be used as media to attract the students interest in approach because it learning language. The uses of puppet have had dual purposes to improve teaching and to permit teacher and students to interact based on the materials discussed in this class.
From the explanation above, the writer conclude that teachers as material presenter should choose an appropriate smart card based on some guidelines above. Besides that the advantages of by using smart card in developing vocabulary are :
(1)	The students might have a high interest in following the teaching learning process. Most children in the elementary school are interested in some teaching aids, such as games, and smart card.
(2)	The students might be motivated to be active in the class, and it can be easier to ask students to give responses and opinion. 
(3)	It is easy to understand, memorize, remember vocabulary and could avoid misunderstanding, because the students see the object directly.
2.3.2	Steps Teaching Vocabulary Using Smart Card.
According to Cross (1991:11-13) The steps of teaching vocabulary using Smart Card can divided into three stage. They are as follows
1)	Presentation 
In this stage the teacher, can use various steps which are recommended in the previous discussion. However, the teacher have to be careful in selecting the steps that they used in teaching activity. Dealing with it, the teacher must consider about the student’s need of vocabulary by using smart card, the area vocabulary, which is appropriate to the students level and how vocabulary can be stored in student’s mind, Therefore teaching vocabulary is a complex process.
2)	Practice 
In the second stage, the teacher give exercises by using smart card to the students in order to practice the subject items being learnt, making completion, matching word classification, etc. Those are several types of exercise that can be used by the teacher in this stage.
3)	Production
In this stage the students are expected to apply the newly learnt vocabulary through the speaking activities or writing activities by using smart card.
2.3.3	Kinds of Smart Card
1)	Contact Cards
They are named because they come in contact with the reader.
2)	Contactless cards
As the name suggest, the contactless cardsvdo notvdirectly come in contact with the reader.
3)	Combination Cards
These are a combination of contact and contactless smart cards.
4)	Proximity Cards
Proximity cards are contactless and they have an antenna embedded in the cards.
5)	Hybrid cards
These have more than two technologies embedded inside a single cards. 
2	Table for research instrument
Table 4.1 The Learner’s Pre-test and Post-test Score of Experimental Group (A)
No	 Learners’ Name	Pre-test	Post-test	X	X2	
1	Jundan	60	80	20	400	
2	Ziyan	80	60	20	400	
3	Aziz	60	70	10	100	
4	Naufal	80	90	10	100	
5	Asyifa	80	90	10	100	
6	Abizar	100	80	20	400	
7	Rania	100	70	30	900	
8	Zayyan	100	80	20	400	
9	Arin	90	80	10	100	
10	Icha	70	60	10	100	
	Total	800	760	160	3000	

Table 4.2 The Learner’s Pre-test and Post-test Score of Control Group (B)
No	Learner’s Name	Pre-test	Pos-test	Y	Y2	
1	Gwen	80	100	20	400	
2	Queen	80	100	20	400	
3	Misyari	90	100	10	100	
4	Andra	90	100	10	100	
5	Adam A	80	90	10	100	
6	Adam B	80	80	0	0	
7	Kianu	70	90	20	400	
8	Alena	70	90	20	400	
9	Sultan	80	100	20	400	
10	Na’il	90	80	10	100	
	Total	810	930	140	2400