FOREST AND LAND FIRES (KARHUTLA) IN WEST KALIMANTAN: AN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW AND THEIR IMPACTS ON HEALTH AND CORRECTIONAL SERVICES

Abstract

Forest and land fires are environmental problems that generate ecological, health, social, and legal consequences. West Kalimantan requires particular attention because of its peatland characteristics, land-use activities, and the risk of smoke dispersion during the dry season. This article examines forest and land fires in West Kalimantan from an environmental law perspective, discusses their health impacts, and analyses their implications for correctional services, particularly the fulfilment of incarcerated persons’ right to health. This study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by secondary sources, including government reports and scientific studies. The analysis indicates that effective fire management requires consistent law enforcement, risk-based prevention, ecosystem restoration, and inter-agency coordination. Smoke containing fine particulate matter can cause respiratory problems and other adverse health effects. In correctional settings, these risks require particular attention because incarcerated persons have limited opportunities to avoid exposure and depend on the state for access to healthcare. Fire-management policies should therefore be integrated with health protection measures in correctional facilities through air-quality monitoring, healthcare preparedness, and emergency-response procedures.