Mini Review: Farmakologi pada Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19)

Mesa Sukmadani Rusdi

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) merupakan penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 yang pertama kali ditemukan di Wuhan, China pada bulan Desember 2019. Virus ini menyebar ke seluruh dunia dengan sangat cepat dan melumpuhkan ekonomi dan kesehatan pada berbagai negara. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan penemuan obat baru dan penggunaan obat lama yang aman menjadi opsi untuk terapi dan pencegahan Covid-19. Belum terdapat terapi yang efektif terhadap virus ini. Remdesivir merupakan terapi yang paling menjanjikan dan merupakan satu – satunya obat yang disetujui FDA sebagai terapi pengobatan Covid-19. Studi terbatas terkait penggunaan obat antiviral, seperti lopinavir/ ritonavir, oseltamivir sebagai terapi Covid-19. Adanya efek samping yang membahayakan pada klorokuin dan hidroklorokuin, sehingga penggunaannya tidak direkomendasikan. Penggunaan kortekosteroid direkomendasikan pada pasien dengan gejala Covid-19 parah dengan ventilator dan dengan alat bantu oksigen. Keputusan penggunaan obat pada Covid-19 dalam kondisi pandemi sebaiknya berdasarkan pertimbangan dan kehati-hatian benefit dan risiko terhadap pasien


Kata kunci : farmakologi; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Corona virus.


ABSTRACT

Corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus which was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This virus spreads throughout the world very quickly and paralyzes the economy and health in various countries. Therefore, the development of new drug discoveries and the use of safe old drugs are options for the therapy and prevention of Covid-19. There is no effective therapy against this virus. Remdesivir is the most promising therapy and is the only drug approved by the FDA to treat Covid-19. Limited studies related to the use of antiviral drugs, such as lopivinavir/ ritonavir, oseltamivir as Covid-19 therapy. There are harmful side effects to chloroquine and hydrochloroquine, so the use of these drugs are not recommended. The use of cortecosteroids is recommended in patients with severe Covid-19 symptoms on a ventilator and on oxygen assisted devices. The decision to use drugs in Covid-19 in a pandemic condition should be based on careful consideration of the benefit and risk for the patient.

Keywords : pharmacology; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Corona virus.


Keywords


pharmacology; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Corona virus.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Acosta, E. P. (2018). Antiviral Agents (Nonretroviral). In Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13e (pp. 1105–1116). McGraw-Hill Medical. https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2189&sectionid=172486085

Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the Immune System. J Investig Med, 59(6), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.231/JIM.0b013e31821b8755

Burhan, E., Dwi Susanto, A., Isbaniah, F., Aman Nasution, S., Ginanjar, E., Wicaksono Pitoyo, C., Susilo, A., Firdaus, I., Santoso, A., Arifa Juzar, D., Kamsul Arif, S., Lolong Wulung, N. G., Muchtar, F., Pulungan, A. B., Ambara Sjakti, H., Prawira, Y., Dwi Putri TIM PENYUSUN Erlina Burhan, N., Adityaningsih, D., Fahrial Syam, A., … Mayung Sambo, C. (2020). PEDOMAN TATALAKSANA COVID-19 Edisi 3 TIM EDITOR Perhimpunan Dokter Paru Indonesia (PDPI) Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia (PERKI) Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Penyakit Dalam Indonesia (PAPDI) Perhimpunan Dokter Anestesiologi dan Terap. https://www.papdi.or.id/pdfs/983/Buku Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19 5OP Edisi 3 2020.pdf

CDC. (2020). Interim Guidelines for Clinical Specimens for COVID-19 | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/guidelines-clinical-specimens.html

Chen, Y., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. (2020). Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. In Journal of Medical Virology (Vol. 92, Issue 4, pp. 418–423). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681

Choy, K. T., Wong, A. Y. L., Kaewpreedee, P., Sia, S. F., Chen, D., Hui, K. P. Y., Chu, D. K. W., Chan, M. C. W., Cheung, P. P. H., Huang, X., Peiris, M., & Yen, H. L. (2020). Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Research, 178, 104786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104786

COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. (2020). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/

Del Rio, C., Collins, L. F., & Malani, P. (2020). Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19. In JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association (Vol. 324, Issue 17, pp. 1723–1724). American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719

Dou, D., Revol, R., Östbye, H., Wang, H., & Daniels, R. (2018). Influenza A virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement. In Frontiers in Immunology (Vol. 9, Issue JUL). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01581

Fisher, B. J., Seropian, I. M., Kraskauskas, D., Thakkar, J. N., Voelkel, N. F., Fowler, A. A., & Natarajan, R. (2011). Ascorbic acid attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Critical Care Medicine, 39(6), 1454–1460. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182120cb8

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2020). EUA Fact Sheet for Patients Fact Sheet For Patients And Parents/Caregivers Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of Covid-19 Convalescent Plasma For Treatment of Covid-19 In Hospitalized Patients. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/214787Orig1s000lbl.pdf

Gandhi, R. T., Lynch, J. B., & del Rio, C. (2020). Mild or Moderate Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(18), 1757–1766. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmcp2009249

Guo, Y. R., Cao, Q. D., Hong, Z. S., Tan, Y. Y., Chen, S. D., Jin, H. J., Tan, K. Sen, Wang, D. Y., & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak- A n update on the status. In Military Medical Research (Vol. 7, Issue 1, p. 11). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0

Instiaty, Sri Darmayani, I. G. A. A. P., Marzuki, J. E., Angelia, F., William, Siane, A., Sary, L. D., Yohanes, L., Widyastuti, R., Nova, R., Simorangkir, D. S., Lonah, Safitri, Y., Aliska, G., & Gayatri, A. (2020). Antiviral treatment of covid-19: A clinical pharmacology narrative review. In Medical Journal of Indonesia (Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 332–345). Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.rev.204652

Komisi Penanganan Covid-19 dan Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (KPCPEN). (2020). Data Sebaran COVID-19. https://covid19.go.id/

Lu, D., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Yue, Y., Zou, Z., Yu, C., & Yin, F. (2018). Link between community-acquired pneumonia and vitamin D levels in older patients. Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 51(4), 435–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-017-1237-z

RECOVERY Collaborative Group. (2020). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 — Preliminary Report. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436

Russell, C. D., Millar, J. E., & Baillie, J. K. (2020). Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. In The Lancet (Vol. 395, Issue 10223, pp. 473–475). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2

Sanders, J. M., Monogue, M. L., Jodlowski, T. Z., & Cutrell, J. B. (2020). Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review. In JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association (Vol. 323, Issue 18, pp. 1824–1836). American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6019

Science, M., Maguire, J. L., Russell, M. L., Smieja, M., Walter, S. D., & Loeb, M. (2013). Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and risk of upper respiratory tract infection in children and adolescents. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 57(3), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit289

Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020). COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. In Journal of Advanced Research (Vol. 24, pp. 91–98). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005

te Velthuis, A. J. W., van den Worm, S. H. E., Sims, A. C., Baric, R. S.,

Snijder, E. J., & van Hemert, M. J. (2010). Zn2+ Inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase Activity In Vitro and Zinc Ionophores Block the Replication of These Viruses in Cell Culture. PLoS Pathogens, 6(11), e1001176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176

Wang, X., Guo, X., Xin, Q., Pan, Y., Hu, Y., Li, J., Chu, Y., Feng, Y., & Wang, Q. (2020). Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(10), 2688–2694. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa721

Wei, X., Wang, Z., Liao, X., Guo, W., Wen, J.-Y., Qin, T., & Wang, S. (2020). Efficacy of vitamin C in patients with sepsis: An updated meta-analysis. European Journal of Pharmacology, 868, 172889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172889

Williamson, B. N., Feldmann, F., Schwarz, B., Meade-White, K., Porter, D. P., Schulz, J., van Doremalen, N., Leighton, I., Yinda, C. K., Pérez-Pérez, L., Okumura, A., Lovaglio, J., Hanley, P. W., Saturday, G., Bosio, C. M., Anzick, S., Barbian, K., Cihlar, T., Martens, C., … de Wit, E. (2020). Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 585(7824), 273–276. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2423-5

Zumla, A., Chan, J. F. W., Azhar, E. I., Hui, D. S. C., & Yuen, K. Y. (2016). Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options. In Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (Vol. 15, Issue 5, pp. 327–347). Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37




DOI: https://doi.org/10.31764/lf.v2i1.3974

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


EDITORIAL OFFICE: