Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Masyarakat Membentuk Permukiman Liar di Kawasan Hutan: Studi Kasus Desa Riwo, Kabupaten Dompu

Abstract

Abstract: The formation of squatter settlements within forest areas has emerged as a rapidly expanding spatial phenomenon in Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, driven by the expansion of maize commodity farming into non-designated areas. This study aims to identify the dominant factors that are collectively agreed upon by communities in shaping squatter settlements within the forest area of Riwo Village, Woja District, Dompu Regency. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach involving the entire population of household heads residing in non-designated settlement areas (30 households), using a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a ranking questionnaire, spatial observation based on an overlay analysis of the Dompu Regency Spatial Plan (RTRW) 2012–2032 and the interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery from 2025, as well as documentary analysis. The data were analyzed using Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (Kendall’s W) across four factor groups: economic (EK), accessibility (AK), socio-cultural (SB), and asset security (KA). The results indicate statistically significant agreement across all four factor groups (p < 0.05), with very strong levels of concordance for accessibility (W = 0.911; χ² = 82.00; df = 3), economic factors (W = 0.852; χ² = 76.68; df = 3), and socio-cultural factors (W = 0.762; χ² = 68.56; df = 3), while asset security also showed statistically significant agreement (W = 0.218; χ² = 6.53; df = 1; p = 0.011). The most dominant sub-indicators were ease of access to cultivated land (AK1; mean rank = 1.33), reduced farming costs (EK1; mean rank = 1.40), kinship proximity (SB1; mean rank = 1.40), and the need for routine land monitoring (KA1; mean rank = 1.27). The main finding indicates that the decision to settle within the forest area in Riwo Village represents a rational choice based on distance and agricultural production cost efficiency, rather than merely being driven by economic hardship or dependence on middlemen’s debt. These findings highlight the need for inclusive spatial planning policies, social forestry instruments, and commodity-based economic empowerment strategies that are aligned with the sustainable management of forest functions.

Abstrak: Pembentukan permukiman liar (squatter settlement) di dalam kawasan hutan merupakan fenomena spasial yang tumbuh pesat di Kabupaten Dompu, Nusa Tenggara Barat, seiring ekspansi pertanian komoditas jagung ke kawasan non-peruntukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang dominan disepakati oleh masyarakat dalam membentuk permukiman liar di kawasan hutan Desa Riwo, Kecamatan Woja, Kabupaten Dompu. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif dengan populasi seluruh kepala keluarga yang menempati hunian di kawasan non-peruntukan (30 KK) yang diukur secara jenuh (total sampling). Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner pemeringkatan, observasi spasial berbasis tumpang tindih pola ruang RTRW Kabupaten Dompu 2012–2032 dengan interpretasi citra satelit resolusi tinggi tahun 2025, dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (Kendall’s W) pada empat kelompok faktor, yaitu ekonomi (EK), aksesibilitas (AK), sosial-budaya (SB), dan keamanan aset (KA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kesepakatan yang signifikan secara statistik pada keempat kelompok faktor (p < 0,05), dengan tingkat kekompakan sangat kuat pada faktor aksesibilitas (W = 0,911; χ² = 82,00; df = 3), ekonomi (W = 0,852; χ² = 76,68; df = 3), dan sosial-budaya (W = 0,762; χ² = 68,56; df = 3), serta signifikan pada faktor keamanan aset (W = 0,218; χ² = 6,53; df = 1; p = 0,011). Sub-indikator yang paling dominan disepakati adalah kemudahan akses ke lahan garapan (AK1; mean rank 1,33), penghematan biaya usaha tani (EK1; 1,40), kedekatan kekerabatan (SB1; 1,40), dan kebutuhan pengawasan lahan secara rutin (KA1; 1,27). Temuan utama menunjukkan bahwa keputusan bermukim di kawasan hutan di Desa Riwo merupakan pilihan rasional berbasis efisiensi jarak dan biaya produksi pertanian, bukan sekadar keterdesakan ekonomi atau keterjebakan utang tengkulak. Implikasi penelitian ini menekankan perlunya kebijakan tata ruang yang inklusif, instrumentasi perhutanan sosial, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi berbasis komoditas yang selaras dengan kelestarian fungsi hutan.